UNSAFE BIOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY - NO ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INJURY - ILLNESS - DISEASE

WAS WORKING FOR A BIOTECH COMPANY SAFE? NOT WHEN ONE IS EXPOSED TO KNOWN AND UNKNOWN MICROORGANISMS. READ ABOUT THE EXPERIENCES OF WORKING FOR AGRAQUEST, INC. IN DAVIS - CALIFORNIA

  • Increase font size
  • Default font size
  • Decrease font size
Home DAVID BELL Disease From Bacteria & Fungus In Agraquest Workplace

Disease From Bacteria & Fungus In Agraquest Workplace

E-mail Print PDF

Agraquest not only searches for bacteria and fungus to be used in the place of chemical pesticides, insecticides, fungicides etc, they also tested pathogens (bacteria and fungus) found on and/or in plants and insects at the Agraquest lab. These plant and insect "diseases" also cause disease in humans.

The "" after the "medical condition" relates to David's health AFTER he was exposed to "known" human pathogens that were in Agraquest's workplace environment.

It is rather odd, to say the least that Agraquest would not comply with David's request's for Worker's-Right-To Know-Laws when in fact the very disease producing bacteria and fungi (listed below) are the same bacteria and fungus that Agraquest not only speaks about in their patents as being the "target bacteria and fungus " tested for their products effectiveness, but also the product filings with the EPA.  Surely, this could not be classified as a "trade secret" when in fact these bacteria and fungi are known to cause not only diseases of plants and/or insects, but they are also well known to cause numerous diseases in humans as well.  It is a shame that Agraquest did not warn their employees of this fact.

What David Bell was exposed to in the biological laboratory at Agraquest did in fact make him very sick.... there is no denying this fact.  How then, is this biological company allowed to get away with denying David his rights to workers compensation benefits and the medical care that he has desperately needed all these years?  The evidence is too compelling and as has been said before, EVERYTHING that has been found in David is all traced to Agraquest with full documentation.

If Agraquest had done the right thing by David when he first got sick in 1999 his health would not have continued to deteriorate year after year.   To those who have lied, it is with full amazement that you can even sleep at night and you should be ashamed of yourselves, but let you be assured.... "this is not going to go away" and you  will be held accountable.

PATHOGEN     (disease producing)

DAVID BELL MEDICAL WHERE PATHOGEN IS FOUND HUMAN RELATED MEDICAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH  THIS PATHOGEN




ACINETOBACTER

(bacteria)

*source sinus culture

*Survive in the environment for several days 36

*Found in Soil 36

*Pathogen of  Plants and Insects 32

*Found in mosquito midgut 2, 32

*Acute myelogenous leukemia 32

*Arm abscess 32

*Bacteremia 32

*Blood-stream infections 5

*Brain abscess 32

*Bronchiectasis 32

*Cellulitis 32

*Central nervous system infections 5

*Chest wall erosion   32

*Cholestasis 32

*Chronic bronchitis   32

*Cutaneous abscess   32

*Diverticulitis   32

*Empyema 32

*Enterocutancous fistula   32

*Immunosuppression   32 [David was diagnosed with CVID in 2003 & began 3 years of IV Immunoglobulin infusions]

*Mediaslinitis   32

*Mpyema   32

*Pelvic abscess   32

*Pelvic infection   32

*Pericardial    32

*Periodontal disease   32

*Pleural  effusions   32

*Pleural lesion    32

*Pneumonectomy for tuberculosis and aspergilloma 32

*Pneumonia 5, 32

*Pulmonary abscess   32

*Resection malignant gastric polyp   32

*Rheumatoid arthritis   32

*Skin and wound infections 5

*Spinal and  muscle abscesses   32

*Submaxillary gland   32

*Thoracic wall abscess   32

*Thumb abscess   32

*Urinary tract infection 5

*Vasculitis 32





ACREMONIUM

[fungi]

*source sputum culture


*Most likely to be encountered in clinical laboratories 1

*Found in Soil 3, 12

*Pathogen of Plants & Insects 3

*Plant host; Grapevine 35

*Plant Debris 12


*Acute lymphoblastic leukemianeutropenia 3

*Addison’s disease 3

*Allergies 7

*Asthma 7

*Chronic granulocytic leukemia;    neutropenia 3

*Chronic granulomatous disease 3

*Disseminated Acremonium strictum infection 3

*Disseminated infection of various  organs, including the brain 3

*Dura mater prosthesis 3

*Endocarditis 12

*Endophthalmitis 12

*Gastrointestinal colonization 3 [UNKNOWN CAUSE]

*Granulocytic  sarcoma;  neutropenia 3

*Hay fever 7

*Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 3, 7

*Keratitis 12

*Landry-Guillain-Barre´ syndrome 3

*Meningitis 12

*Multiple hypodense lesions in the  spleen 3

*Onychomycosis 3, 12

*Osteomyelitis 12

*Peritonitis 12

*Severe combined immunodeficiency disease 3 [David was diagnosed with CVID in 2003 & began 3 years of IV Immunoglobulin infusions]

*white piedra 3





CURVULARIA

[fungi]

*source - nose culture

*Found in soil 16

*Found in plants 16

*Leaf spot disease of Rosa spa. 34

*Leaf spot of Maize 34

*Banana leaf spot 34

*Melting out of turfgrasses 34

*Leaf spot of sugarcane 34

*Leaf spot of maize 34

*Ear rot of maize 34

*Brown spot of asparagus 34

*Leaf spot of rubber 34

*Plant host; Grains, sugarcane etc. 35

*Seedling foliage blight on sugarcane 34

*From Tropical and Subtropical Areas 16

*A contaminant 16


*Acute myelogenous leukemia 32

*Alcoholism

*Allergic Bronchopulmonary - Mycoses 10, 16

*Allergic fungal sinusitis 7, 16

*Allergic rhinitis 10

*Allergies 7,30

*Arm abscess   32

*Asthma 7, 30

*Asthmatic airway injury 30

*Bacteremia 32

*Brain abscess 28, 32

*Bronchiectasis

*Cellulitis 32

*Cerebral abscess 7, 16

*Cerebritis 16

*Chest wall erosion   32

*Cholestasis 32

*Chronic bronchitis  32

*Cutaneous abscess   32

*Dermatitis  30

*Diarrhea 30

*Disseminated infections 7, 16

*Diverticulitis

*Empyema 32

*Endocarditis 16, 28

*Enterocutancous fistula   32

*Fatigue 30

*Flu symptoms 30

*Fungal ball production (sinuses) 10, 30

*general malaise (tiredness)  30

*hair loss 30

*Hay fever 7

*Hypersensitive  diseases 30

*immuno suppression 30, 32

*infections may develop in patients with intact immune systems 16

*interference with blood cell formation

*Keratitis 16, 28

*lesions of the Gastrointestinal tract 30

*lesions of the skin 30

*liver cancer 30

*Mediaslinitis   32

*mpyema   32

*mycetoma 16

*Mycotoxins are believed to result in headaches 30

*ocular Keratitis 7

*Onychomycosis 7, 16, 28

*opportunistic infections of the cornea 7

*opportunistic infections of the sinuses 7

*Pelvic abscess   32

*Pelvic infection   32

*Pericardial    32

*Periodontal disease

*phaeohyphomycosis 16

~Dark lesion on the septum is a  common presentation; sinusitis is associated with allergic rhinitis, polyps and/or some form of immunosuppression (immunodeficiency) [David was diagnosed with CVD in 2003 & began 3 years of IV Immunoglobulin infusions]

*phaeohyphomycosis *Fatal Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis 25:

*pleural  effusions   32

*Pleural lesion    32

*pneumonectomy for tuberculosis and aspergilloma 32

*Pneumonia 7, 16, 32

*psychological depression 30

*Pulmonary abscess   32

*resection malignant gastric polyp   32

*Rheumatoid arthritis,

*Sinonasal mycetoma 29

*skin infections 28

*skin rashes 30

*sore throats 30

*spinal and  muscle abscesses   32

*Submaxillary gland   32

*Thoracic wall abscess   32

*Thumb abscess   32

*Vasculitis   32





HISTOPLASMA

(HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATEUM)

(fungi)

*source blood serum

*H. capsulatum grows in soils throughout the world. In the United States 4

*Found in soil contaminated with bird droppings or excrements of bats 17, 27

*the fungus is endemic and the  proportion of people infected by H. capsulatum is higher in central  and eastern states, especially along  the valleys of the Ohio, Mississippi,  and St. Lawrence rivers, and the Rio  Grande. [NOT ENDEMIC TO CALFORNIA] 4

*At risk - Microbiology laboratory  worker 4

*Laboratory-associated histoplasmosis is a documented hazard in facilities conducting diagnostic or investigative work 6

*Collecting and processing soil samples from endemic areas has caused pulmonary infections in laboratory workers 6

*Isolates of Histoplasma must be  handled with caution in a biological  safety cabinet 17

*Biosafety Level 3 practices and facilities are recommended for propagating and manipulating cultures already identified as H. capsulatum, as well as processing soil or other environmental materials known or likely to contain infectious conidia. 6

*The organism can be carried on the  wings, feet, and beaks of birds and  infect soil under roosting sites or  manure accumulations inside or outside  buildings. 4

(Agraquest tested "bird feathers" for  microorganisms) See, Companies seek out microbes to fight crop  pests

*Agraquest "inventors" on United States Patent # 6,004,774 LISTS Histoplasma.  (4 days "after" David first sought emergency medical treatment, all of the Agraquest "inventors" started signing away their interest rights to this patent.   [From 1/22/1999 through 11/26/1999])

*CDC WARNING 26

 

*Acute benign pulmonary infection 17

*Causes histoplasmosis

*Chronic lung disease 4

*Chronic pulmonary infection 17

*Commonly involves the bones and skin 17

*Disseminated histoplasmosis is fatal if untreated, but death can also occur in some patients even when medical treatment is received 4

*Disseminated histoplasmosis, which involves spreading of the fungus to other organs outside the lungs 4

*Fatal disseminated disease 17

*Healthy individuals are affected 17

*Hypersensitivity to H. capsulatum 4

*Impaired vision and even blindness 4

*May involve the thyroid glands 17

*Reticuloendothelial system (RES) is most frequently involved (The fungus resides intracellularly in RES cells)  17

 





PENICILLIUM

(fungi)

*source sputum culture

*Found in soil 7, 11

*Found in decaying vegetation 11

*Allergic Asthma 10

*Allergic rhinitis 10

*Bone involvement 11 [UNKNOWN CAUSE]

*Carcinogenic 10, 11

*Endocarditis 11

*Endophtalmitis 11

*External ear infectons 7

*Eypersensitivity pneumonitis 10

*Immunosupression (immunodeficiency10 [ David was diagnosed with CVID in 2003 & began 3 years of IV Immunoglobulin infusions]

*Keratitis 7, 11

*Liver involvement 11 [UNKNOWN CAUSE]

*Lymphatic system involvement 11 √  [UNKNOWN CAUSE]

*Mutagenic 10

*Necrotizing esophagitis 11

*Neurotoxic 10, 11

*Otomycosis 11

*Peritonitis 11

*Pneumonia 11

*Respiratory infections 7 √  [UNKNOWN CAUSE]

*Spleen involvement 11 √  [UNKNOWN CAUSE]

*Teratongenic effects 10

*Urinary tract infections 7, 11

 





PSEUDOMONAS

[bacteria]

*source numerous cultures

*Found in soil 23

*Found as pathogen of plants 23

*Found in mosquito midgut 2, 23

*Adheres-epithelial cells - upper respiratory tract 23

*Bacteremia 23

*Blood stream invasion 23

*Bone and joint infections 23

*Brain abscesses 23

*Central nervous system 23

*Chronic lung infections 23

*Dermatitis 23

*Disrupts the respiratory epithelium 23

*Emerging opportunistic pathogen 23

*Endocarditis 23

*Exerts a pro-inflammatory effect 23

*Eye infections 23

*Gastrointestinal infections 23

*Impairs the normal function of human nasal cilia 23

*Invades inner ear 23

*Invades paranasal sinus 23

*Meningitis 23

*Osteochondritis 23

*Pneumonia 23

*Respiratory system infections 23

*Septicemia 23

*Skin infection 23

*Soft tissue infections 23

*Systemic infections 23

*Urinary tract infections 23

 





STAPH

[bacteria]

*source numerous cultures

*Found in mosquito midgut 2, 32

*Plant host; Arabidopsis 35

*Studied by Agraquest Scientist, Jimmy Orjala (1999) @ Agraquest location - 1105 Kennedy Place-Davis, CA

*Denied being at Agraquest until late 2001.  SEE:  Response to the 10/20/06 court order.

 

*Bacteremia 24

*Boils 24

*Carbuncles 24

*Cellulitis 24

*Diarrhea 24

*Emesis 24

*Endocarditis 24

*Folliculitis 24

*Food poisoning 24

*Impetigo 24

*Osteomyelitis 24

*Osteomylitis 24

*Pneumonia 24

*Scaled skin syndrome 24

*Sinusitis 24

*Toxic shock syndrome or TSS 24

*Urinary tract infection 24

*Wound infections 24





RARE MUCUS

source

urinalysis





ALTERNARIA

[fungi]

IgG POSITIVE

*Found in soil 7, 13

*Found in plants 13

*Plant host; Wide host range 35

*common laboratory contaminant 13

 

*Allergic Asthma 10

*Allergies 7

*Asthma 7

*Colonizes the paranasal sinus  13

*Fungal ball production (sinuses) 10

*Hay fever 7

*Hypersensitivity pneumonitiss 7

*Hypertrophic sinusitis - chronic 13

*Invasive disease 13

*Keratitis 13

*Nasal and subcutaneous lesions  7

*Onychomycosis 13

*Opportunistic pathogen 13

*Osteomyelitis 13

*Otitis media 13

*phaeohyphomycosis 13 ~Dark lesion on the septum is a  common presentation; sinusitis is associated with allergic rhinitis, polyps and/or some form of immunosuppression (immunodeficiency) [David was diagnosed with CVD in 2003 & began 3 years of IV Immunoglobulin infusions]

*Sinusitis 13

*Ulcerated cutaneous infections 13

*Visceral infections 13





ASPERGILLUS

[fungi]

IgG POSITIVE

*Found in soil 7, 14

*found in decomposing organic matter 31

*Plant host; Cotton, peanut, maize seed 35

*Common laboratory contaminant 14


*Airway epithelial injury 31

*Allergic Asthma 10

*Allergic Bronchopulmonary - aspergillosis 7, 10, 14

*Allergic fungal sinusitis 7, 14

*Allergic mucin is recognized by its layered pattern of cells 31

*Allergies 7, 30

*Aspergillosis ( invasive infection,  colonization, toxicoses or allergy 7

*Aspergillus fungemia  14

*Asthma 7, 30

*Asthmatic airway injury 30

*Asthmatic changes are often present, including a polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils 31

*Bronchial wall is inflamed 31

*Bronchocentric granulomatosis 31

*Carcinogenic 10, 14

*Cells include histologically viable and necrotic eosinophils and other inflammatory cells, cellular debris is often abundant 31

*Cellular debris, and mucus 31

*Cerebral aspergillosis 14

*Charcot-Leyden crystals can be prominente 31

*Chronic or exudative bronchiolitis 31

*Cutaneous aspergillosis 14

*Dermatitis  30

*Diarrhea  30

*Dsseminated aspergillosis 14

*Endocarditis 14

*Endophthalmitis 14

*Eosinophilic Pneumonia 31

*Fatigue 30

*Fibrosis often accompany these inflammatory changes 31

*Fibrosis with destruction of bronchial structural elements leads to Bronchiectasis and parenchymal scarring  31

*Flu symptoms 30

*Fungal ball production (sinuses) 10, 30

*General malaise (tiredness)  30

*Goblet cell hyperplasia 31

*Hair loss 30

*Hay fever 7

*Hepatocellular carcinoma 14

*Hepatosplenic aspergillosis 14

*Hypersensitive  diseases 30

*Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 7, 10

*Immunosupression (immunodeficiency10, 14, 30 [David was diagnosed with CVD in 2003 & began 3 years of IV Immunoglobulin infusions]

*Interference with blood cell formation.

*Lesions of the Gastrointestinal tract 30

*Lesions of the skin 30

*Liver cancer 30

*Lymphocytes, and plasma cells 31

*Meningitis 14

*Mucoid impaction of bronchi, bronchial lumens are filled and distended by mucus and inflammatory cells 31

*Muscular and cartilaginous loss  31

*Mutagenic 10

*Mycotoxins are believed to result in headaches 30

*Myocarditis 14

*Neurotoxic 10

*Onychomycosis 14

*Osteomyelitis 14

*Otomycosis 14

*Pathologic manifestations of ABPA include mucoid impaction of bronchi 31

*Persistent airway inflammation 31

*Psychological depression 30

*Pulmonary aspergillosis 14

*Sinonasal mycetoma 29

*Skin rashes 30

*Sore throats 30

*Squamous metaplasia 31

*Teratongenic effects 10

*Thickening of the basement membrane 31

*Ulceration 31





BOTRYTIS

[fungi]

IgG Positive *Found in plants 7

*Allergies 7

*Asthma 7

*Hay fever 7

*Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 7

*Winegrower's lung (rare form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis) 7





CLADOSPORIUM

[fungi]

IgG HIGH POSITIVE

*Found in rotten organic material 15

*Leaf spots and blights of many plants and leaf spot of peppers 34

*Cladosporium spp. should be handled with care in a biological safety cabinet 15


*Allergic Asthma 10

*Allergic rhinitis 10

*Allergies 7

*Asthma 7

*Causes chromoblastomycosis 7

*Hay fever 7

*Hypersensitivity  pneumonitis 7

*Keratitis 15

*Onychomycosis 15

*Pulmonary infections 15

*Sinusitis 15

*Skin lesions 15

 





EPICOCCUM

[fungi]

IgG POSITIVE

*Found in insects 7

*Found in soil 18

*common causative agent of leaf spots of various plants 18

*Allergic Asthma 10

*Allergies 7

*Asthma 7

*Hay fever 7





FUSARIUM

[fungi]

IgG HIGH POSITIVE

*Found in soil 19

*Found in plants 19

* host; Wide host range 35

*Plant host; corn 35

*Plant host; Tropical trees 35

*Root rot and wilt of Coleus forskohlii 34

*blight of kangaroo paw 34

*One of several agents of fig endosepsis 34

*Walnut canker 34

*Aster wilt 34

*Ear, root, and stalk rot and seedling blight of maize 34

*Sugarcane wilt complex 34

*Pseudostem heart rot of banana 34

*Wilts and blights on a wide range of vegetable and plantation crops, ornamentals, small grains and turfgrasses, including potato, sugarcane, bean, cowpeas and Musa spa and corm and root rots 34

*Leaf, sheath, stem spots, damping off, and flower spots on Dendrobium and Cattleya orchid; head blight in wheat and other small-grain cereals and wilt nod dieback of date palm 34

*Yellows, fruit rots, seedling rots, root rots, and damping off non a wide range of hosts; fungal root rot; and stem canker of sweet potato, black walnut, and poinsettia 34

*Allergies 7, 30

*Asthma 7, 30

*Asthmatic airway injury 30

*Balls of fungus 30

*Carcinogenic  19

*Causes Keratitis 7, 19

*Cutaneous infections 19

*Dermatitis  30

*Diarrhea  30

*Disseminated infection 7, 19

*Disseminated fusariosis 19

*Endocarditis 19

*Endophthalmitis 19

*Fatigue 30

*Flu symptoms 30

*Fungemia due to Fusarium spp. have been reported 19

*Fusariosis 19

*General malaise (tiredness)  30

*Hair loss 30

*Hay fever 7

*Hypersensitive  diseases 30

*Immuno suppression 30

*Interference with blood cell formation.

*Lesions of the Gastrointestinal tract 30

*Lesions of the skin 30

*Liver cancer 30

*May cause oesophageal cancer  19

*mycetoma 7, 19

*Mycotic eye infections 7

*Mycotoxins are believed to result in headaches 30

*One of the emerging causes of opportunistic Mycoses 19

*Onychomycosis 7, 19

*Otitis media  19

*Peritonitis 19

*Psychological depression 30

*Pulmonary infections 19

*Septic arthritis  19

*Sinonasal mycetoma 29

*Sinusitis  19

*Skin rashes 30

*Sore throats 30

*Superficial and systemic infections 19

 





HELMINTHOSPORIUM

(fungi)

IgG HIGH POSITIVE

*Found in soil 20

*Found in grass 20

*Allergic Asthma 10

*Allergic BronchopulmonaryMycoses 10

*Asthma (can require hospitalization) 9

*Rhinitis 10

 





MUCOR

(fungi)

IgG POSITIVE

*Found in soil 21

*Found in plants 21

*Found in decaying fruits and vegetables 21, 35

*common laboratory contaminant 21


*Gastritis 21

*Mucocutaneous infections 21

*Perineural invasion 21

*Pulmonary infections 21

*Renal infections 21

*Rhinocerebral infections 21

*Septic arthritis  21

*Vascular invasion that causes necrosis of the infected tissue 21

*Zygomycosis 21





PULLULARIA

(fungi)

IgG POSITIVE *Found in moldy redwood dust 33

*Severe Asthma 9




RHIZOPUS

(fungi)

IgG POSITIVE

*Found in soil 22

*Fruit rots of pineapple, mango, and carrot 34

*Pre and post harvest soft rots of many fruits, vegetables and crops 34

*Sunflower head rot 34

*Seedling blight on lupine 34

*Found in decaying fruit and vegetables 22, 35

*Disseminated infections 22

*Gastrointestinal infections 22

*Genitourinary 22

*Mucocutaneous 22

*Perineural invasion are the most frustrating features of these infections 22

*Pulmonary infections 22

*Rhinocerebral 22

*Vascular invasion that causes necrosis of the infected tissue 22

*Zygomycosis 22

*Zygomycosis - disseminated  22

*Zygomycosis is frequently fatal 22

 





STEMPHYLIUM

[fungi]

IgG POSITIVE

* Found in soil 7, 8

*Found in decaying vegetation 8

*Allergies 7

*Asthma 7

*Hay fever 7

*phaeohyphomycosis:

~Dark lesion on the septum is a  common presentation; sinusitis is associated with allergic rhinitis, polyps and/or some form of immunosuppression ( immunodeficiency) [David was diagnosed with CVD in 2003 & began 3 years of IV Immunoglobulin infusions]

*Pphaeohyphomycotic (phaeohyphomycosis) sinusitis 7, 8

 





References:

1. Paul Baumannla Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720

2.STUDIES ON CULTURED AND UNCULTURED MICROBIOTA OF WILD CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS MOSQUITO MIDGUT BASED ON 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE ANALYSIS,” by VYANKATESH J.,  PIDIYAR*, KAMLESH JANGID*, MILIND S. PATOLE, AND YOGESH S. SHOUCHE, The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - 2004 Jun;70(6):597-603

3. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 1996, p. 1333–1336 Vol. 34, No. 5

4. HISTOPLASMOSIS: Protecting Workers at Risk; DHHS (NIOSH) PUBLICATION  NO. 97-146 SEPTEMBER 1997

5. DEPLOYMENT HEALTH and FAMILY READINESS LIBRARY

6. BMBL Section VII-B - Agent Summary Statements / Fungal Agents; CDC Office of    Safety and Health

7. Quantus Analytical - mold spore descriptions

  • References:
  • 531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
  • 2432. Wildfeuer, A., H. P. Seidl, I. Paule, and A. Haberreiter. 1998. In vitro evaluation of voriconazole against clinical isolates of yeasts, moulds and dermatophytes in comparison with itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and griseofulvin. Mycoses. 41:309-319.
  • References:
  • 423. Chariyalertsak, S., K. Supparatpinyo, T. Sirisanthana, and K. E. Nelson. 2001. A controlled trial of itraconazole as primary prophylaxis for systemic fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis. 34:277-284.
  • 431. Cheng, N. C., W. W. Wong, C. P. Fung, and C. Y. Liu. 1998. Unusual pulmonary manifestations of disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in three AIDS patients. Med Mycol. 36:429-432.
  • 531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 565. Deng, Z., J. L. Ribas, D. W. Gibson, and D. H. Connor. 1988. Infections caused by Penicillium marneffei in China and Southeast Asia: Review of eighteen published cases and report of four more Chinese cases. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:640-652.
  • 581. Deshpande, S. D., and G. V. Koppikar. 1999. A study of mycotic keratitis in Mumbai. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 42:81-7.
  • 803. Garbino, J., L. Kolarova, D. Lew, B. Hirschel, and P. Rohner. 2001. Fungemia in HIV-infected patients: A 12-year study in a tertiary care hospital. Aids Patient Care Stds. 15:407-410.
  • 1094. Imwidthaya, P., K. Thipsuvan, A. Chaiprasert, S. Danchaivijitra, R. Sutthent, and J. Jearanaisilavong. 2001. Penicillium marneffei: types and drug susceptibility. Mycopathologia. 149:109-115.
  • 1152. Kappe, R. 1999. Antifungal activity of the new azole UK-109, 496 (voriconazole). Mycoses. 42:83-86.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1371. Lortholary, O., D. W. Denning, and B. Dupont. 1999. Endemic mycoses: a treatment update. J Antimicrob Chemother. 43:321-331.
  • 1489. McGinnis, M. R., N. G. Nordoff, N. S. Ryder, and G. B. Nunn. 2000. In vitro comparison of terbinafine and itraconazole against Penicillium marneffei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:1407-1408.
  • 1804. Pitt, J. I. 2000. Toxigenic fungi: which are important? Med Mycol. 38:17-22.
  • 1805. Pitt, J. I., J. C. Basilico, M. L. Abarca, and C. Lopez. 2000. Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi. Med Mycol. 38:41-46.
  • 1926. Rimek, D., T. Zimmermann, M. Hartmann, C. Prariyachatigul, and R. Kappe. 1999. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in an HIV-positive female from Thailand in Germany. Mycoses. 42:25-28.
  • 2114. Singh, P. N., K. Ranjana, Y. I. Singh, K. P. Singh, S. S. Sharma, M. Kulachandra, Y. Nabakumar, A. Chakrabarti, A. A. Padhye, L. Kaufman, and L. Ajello. 1999. Indigenous disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in the state of Manipur, India: Report of four autochthonous cases. J Clin Microbiol. 37:2699-2702.
  • 2144. St-Germain, G., and R. Summerbell. 1996. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, 1st ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
  • 2200. Supparatpinyuo, K., S. Chiewchanvit, P. Hirunsri, C. Uthammachai, K. E. Nelson, and T. Sirisanthana. 1992. Penicillium marneffei infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:871-874.
  • 2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
  • 2432. Wildfeuer, A., H. P. Seidl, I. Paule, and A. Haberreiter. 1998. In vitro evaluation of voriconazole against clinical isolates of yeasts, moulds and dermatophytes in comparison with itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and griseofulvin. Mycoses. 41:309-319.
  • 2456. Wong, S. S. Y., K. H. Wong, W. T. Hui, S. S. Lee, J. Y. C. Lo, L. Cao, and K. Y. Yuen. 2001. Differences in clinical and laboratory diagnostic characteristics of penicilliosis marneffei in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and non-HIV-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 39:4535-4540.
  • References:
  • 462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
  • 683. Espinel-Ingroff, A. 1998. Comparison of in vitro activities of the new triazole SCH56592 and the echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 36:2950-2956.
  • 730. Fincher, R. M., J. F. Fisher, R. D. Lovell, C. L. Newman, A. Espinel-Ingroff, and H. J. Shadomy. 1991. Infection due to the fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium). Medicine. 70:398-409.
  • 914. Guarro, J., W. Gams, I. Pujol, and J. Gene. 1997. Acremonium species: New emerging fungal opportunitis--In vitro antifungal susceptibilities and review. Clin. Infect. Dis.:1222-1229.
  • 952. Gupta, A. K., and R. C. Summerbell. 1999. Combined distal and lateral subungual and white superficial onychomycosis in the toenails. J Am Acad Dermatol. 41:938-44.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1434. Marco, F., M. A. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, and R. N. Jones. 1998. In vitro activity of a new triazole antifungal agent, Sch 56592, against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. Mycopathologia. 141:73-77.
  • 1494. McGinnis, M. R., L. Pasarell, D. A. Sutton, A. W. Fothergill, C. R. Cooper, and M. G. Rinaldi. 1998. In vitro activity of voriconazole against selected fungi. Med Mycol. 36:239-242.
  • 1581. Morrison, V. A., R. J. Haake, and D. J. Weisdorf. 1993. The spectrum of non-Candida fungal infections following bone marrow transplantation. Medicine (Baltimore). 72:78-89.
  • 1750. Penk, A., and L. Pittrow. 1999. Role of fluconazole in the long-term suppressive therapy of fungal infections in patients with artificial implants. Mycoses. 42:91-96.
  • 2144. St-Germain, G., and R. Summerbell. 1996. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, 1st ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
  • References:
  • 66. Anaissie, E. J., G. P. Bodey, and M. G. Rinaldi. 1989. Emerging fungal pathogens. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8:323-330.
  • 462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
  • 558. Del Poeta, M., W. A. Schell, and J. R. Perfect. 1997. In vitro antifungal activity of pneumocandin L-743,872 against a variety of clinically important molds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1835-1836.
  • 590. Diaz, M., R. Puente, and M. A. Treviño. 1990. Response of long-running Alternaria alternata infection to fluconazole. Lancet. 336:513.
  • 802. Garau, J., R. D. Diamond, L. B. Lagrotteria, and S. A. Kabins. 1977. Alternaria osteomyelitis [letter]. Ann. Intern. Med. 86:747-8.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1429. Manning, S. C., S. D. Schaefer, L. G. Close, and F. Vuitch. 1991. Culture-positive allergic fungal sinusitis. Archives of Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery. 117:174-8.
  • 1581. Morrison, V. A., R. J. Haake, and D. J. Weisdorf. 1993. The spectrum of non-Candida fungal infections following bone marrow transplantation. Medicine (Baltimore). 72:78-89.
  • 1847. Pritchard, R. C., and D. B. Muir. 1987. Black fungi: a survey of dematiaceous hyphomycetes from clinical specimens identified over a five year period in a reference laboratory. Pathology. 19:281-4.
  • 1864. Radford, S. A., E. M. Johnson, and D. W. Warnock. 1997. In vitro studies of activity of voriconazole (UK-104,496), a new triazole antifungal agent, against emerging and less-common mold pathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:841-843.
  • 2042. Schell, W. A. 2000. Unusual fungal pathogens in fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:367-373,X.
  • 2144. St-Germain, G., and R. Summerbell. 1996. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, 1st ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
  • 2297. Vartivarian, S. E., E. J. Anaissie, and G. P. Bodey. 1993. Emerging fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients: classification, diagnosis, and management. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:S487-91.
  • 2306. Vennewald, I., M. Henker, E. Klemm, and C. Seebacher. 1999. Fungal colonization of the paranasal sinuses. Mycoses. 42:33-36.
  • 2345. Wadhwani, K., and A. K. Srivastava. 1984. Fungi from otitis media of agricultural field workers. Mycopathologia. 88:155-9.
  • 2432. Wildfeuer, A., H. P. Seidl, I. Paule, and A. Haberreiter. 1998. In vitro evaluation of voriconazole against clinical isolates of yeasts, moulds and dermatophytes in comparison with itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and griseofulvin. Mycoses. 41:309-319.
  • References:
  • 119. Arikan, S., M. Lozano-Chiu, V. Paetznick, S. Nangia, and J. H. Rex. 1999. Microdilution susceptibility testing of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus and Fusarium species. J Clin Microbiol. 37:3946-3951.
  • 120. Arikan, S., M. Lozano-Chiu, V. Paetznick, and J. H. Rex. 2001. In vitro susceptibility testing methods for caspofungin against Aspergillus and Fusarium isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:327-330.
  • 122. Arikan, S., and J. H. Rex. 2000. New agents for treatment of systemic fungal infections. Emerging Drugs. 5:135-160.
  • 124. Arikan, S., O. Uzun, Y. Cetinkaya, S. Kocagoz, M. Akova, and S. Unal. 1998. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in human immunodeficiency virus- infected patients: Two cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 27:641-643.
  • 462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
  • 567. Denning, D. W. 1998. Invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 26:781-803.
  • 568. Denning, D. W. 1996. Therapeutic outcome in invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23:608-615.
  • 569. Denning, D. W. 1994. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis. J. Infect. 28 (Suppl. 1):25-33.
  • 572. Denning, D. W., A. Marinus, J. Cohen, D. Spence, R. Herbrecht, L. Pagano, C. Kibbler, V. Kcrmery, F. Offner, C. Cordonnier, U. Jehn, M. Ellis, L. Collette, R. Sylvester, and EORTC Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group. 1998. An EORTC multicentre prospective survey of invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients: Diagnosis and therapeutic outcome. J. Infect. 37:173-180.
  • 573. Denning, D. W., S. A. Radford, K. L. Oakley, L. Hall, E. M. Johnson, and D. W. Warnock. 1997. Correlation between in-vitro susceptibility testing to itraconazole and in-vivo outcome of Aspergillus fumigatus infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40:401-414.
  • 578. Denning, D. W., K. Venkateswarlu, K. L. Oakley, M. J. Anderson, N. J. Manning, D. A. Stevens, D. W. Warnock, and S. L. Kelly. 1997. Itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1364-1368.
  • 579. Denning, D. W., and P. Warn. 1999. Dose range evaluation of liposomal nystatin and comparisons with amphotericin B and amphotericin B lipid complex in temporarily neutropenic mice infected with an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus with reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:2592-2599.
  • 608. Dornbusch, H. J., C. E. Urban, H. Pinter, G. Ginter, R. Fotter, H. Becker, T. Miorini, and C. Berghold. 1995. Treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in severely neutropenic children with malignant disorders using liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and surgery: report of five cases. Pediatric Hematology & Oncology. 12:577-86.
  • 638. Duthie, R., and D. W. Denning. 1995. Aspergillus fungemia: Report of two cases and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20:598-605.
  • 659. Elgamal, E. A., and W. R. Murshid. 2000. Intracavitary administration of amphotericin B in the treatment of cerebral aspergillosis in a non immune-compromised patient: case report and review of the literature. Brit J Neurosurg. 14:137-141.
  • 683. Espinel-Ingroff, A. 1998. Comparison of in vitro activities of the new triazole SCH56592 and the echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 36:2950-2956.
  • 740. Fisher, N. C., S. Singhal, S. J. Miller, J. G. M. Hastings, and D. J. Mutimer. 1999. Fungal infection and liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) therapy in liver transplantation: a 2 year review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 43:597-600.
  • 748. Flynn, P. M., H. L. Magill, J. J. Jenkins, T. Pearson, W. M. Crist, and W. T. Hughes. 1990. Aspergillus osteomyelitis in a child treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 9:733-736.
  • 780. Fujita, H., H. Masuda, T. Nakajima, K. Yada, M. Watanabe, and Y. Kagitani. 1995. [Protective effect of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor on fungal infection (2). In vitro effect of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor on systemic aspergillosis and in vitro effect on the activities of macrophage]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi - Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. 69:582-9.
  • 800. Galimberti, R., A. Kowalczuk, I. H. Parra, M. G. Ramos, and V. Flores. 1998. Cutaneous aspergillosis: a report of six cases. Brit J Dermatol. 139:522-526.
  • 811. Garrett, D. O., E. Jochimsen, and W. Jarvis. 1999. Invasive Aspergillus spp infections in rheumatology patients. J Rheumatol. 26:146-149.
  • 817. Gefter, W. B. 1992. The spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis. Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 7:56-74.
  • 829. Germaud, P., and E. Tuchais. 1995. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis treated with itraconazole. Chest. 107:883.
  • 830. Gerson, S. L., G. H. Talbot, S. Hurwitz, B. L. Strom, E. J. Lusk, and P. A. Cassileth. 1984. Prolonged granulocytopenia: the major risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 100:345-351.
  • 839. Gillespie, M. B., and B. W. O'Malley. 2000. An algorithmic approach to the diagnosis and management of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in the immunocompromised patient. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:323-334,IX.
  • 852. Glimp, R. A., and A. S. Bayer. 1983. Pulmonary aspergilloma. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Arch Intern Med. 143:303-8.
  • <;li style="text-align: center;">874. Gordon, G., and N. A. Giddings. 1994. Invasive otitis externa due to Aspergillus species: Case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:866-870.
  • 890. Graybill, J. R., R. Bocanegra, L. K. Najvar, M. F. Luther, and D. Loebenberg. 1998. Posaconazole treatment of murine invasive aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 42:539-542.
  • 910. Grossi, P., C. Farina, R. Fiocchi, and D. Dalla Gasperina. 2000. Prevalence and outcome of invasive fungal infections in 1,963 thoracic organ transplant recipients - A multicenter retrospective study. Transplantation. 70:112-116.
  • 938. Gumbo, T., A. J. Taege, S. Mawhorter, M. C. McHenry, B. H. Lytle, D. M. Cosgrove, and S. M. Gordon. 2000. Aspergillus valve endocarditis in patients without prior cardiac surgery. Medicine. 79:261-268.
  • 952. Gupta, A. K., and R. C. Summerbell. 1999. Combined distal and lateral subungual and white superficial onychomycosis in the toenails. J Am Acad Dermatol. 41:938-44.
  • 958. Gurwith, M. 1999. Clinical efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion against infections caused by Aspergillus spp. Chemotherapy. 45:34-38.
  • 974. Halpern, M., S. Szabo, E. Hochberg, G. S. Hammer, J. Lin, A. C. Gurtman, H. S. Sacks, R. S. Shapiro, and S. Z. Hirschman. 1992. Renal aspergilloma: an unusual cause of infection in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 92:437-440.
  • 1048. Ho, P. L., and K. Y. Yuen. 2000. Aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 34:55-69.
  • 1056. Hohler, T., M. Schnütgen, W. J. Mayer, and K. H. Mayer zum Büschenfeld. 1995. Pulmonary aspergilloma in a patient with AIDS. Thoras. 50:312-313.
  • 1091. Ikeda, F., Y. Wakai, S. Matsumoto, K. Maki, E. Watabe, S. Tawara, T. Goto, Y. Watanabe, F. Matsumoto, and S. Kuwahara. 2000. Efficacy of FK463, a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, in mouse models of disseminated candidiasis and aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:614-618.
  • 1129. Johnson, E. M., J. O. Ojwang, A. Szekely, T. L. Wallace, and D. W. Warnock. 1998. Comparison of in vitro antifungal activities of free and liposome-encapsulated nystatin with those of four amphotericin B formulations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:1412-1416.
  • 1130. Johnson, E. M., A. Szekely, and D. W. Warnock. 1998. In-vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against filamentous fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother. 42:741-745.
  • 1152. Kappe, R. 1999. Antifungal activity of the new azole UK-109, 496 (voriconazole). Mycoses. 42:83-86.
  • 1161. Katz, G., K. Winchester, and S. Lam. 1993. Ocular aspergillosis isolated in the anterior chamber. Ophthalmology. 100:1815-1818.
  • 1271. Kurup, V. P., and B. Banerjee. 2000. Fungal allergens and peptide epitopes. Peptides. 21:589-599.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1363. Loo, V. G., C. Bertrand, C. Dixon, D. Vitye, B. DeSalid, A. P. H. McLean, A. Bronx, and H. G. Robson. 1996. Control of construction-associated nosocomial aspergillosis in an antiquated hematology unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 17:360-364.
  • 1386. Lucas, G. M., P. Tucker, and W. G. Merz. 1999. Primary cutaneous Aspergillus nidulans infection associated with a Hickman catheter in a patient with neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis. 29:1594-1596.
  • 1406. Maertens, J., I. Raad, C. A. Sable, A. Ngai, R. Berman, T. F. Patterson, D. Denning, and T. Walsh. 2000. Multicenter, noncomparative study to evaluate safety and efficacy of caspofungin in adults with aspergillosis refractory or intolerant to amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid formulations, or azoles. 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Abstract No. 1103.
  • 1434. Marco, F., M. A. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, and R. N. Jones. 1998. In vitro activity of a new triazole antifungal agent, Sch 56592, against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. Mycopathologia. 141:73-77.
  • 1536. Mikolich, D. J., L. J. Kinsella, G. Skowron, J. Friedman, and A. M. Sugar. 1996. Aspergillus meningitis in an immunocompetent adult successfully treated with itraconazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23:1318-1319.
  • 1569. Moore, C. B., C. M. Walls, and D. W. Denning. 2000. In vitro activity of the new triazole BMS-207147 against Aspergillus species in comparison with itraconazole and amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:441-443.
  • 1576. Mori, T., M. Matsumura, K. Yamada, S. Irie, K. Oshimi, K. Suda, T. Oguri, and M. Ichinoe. 1998. Systemic aspergillosis caused by an aflatoxin-producing strain of Aspergillus flavus. Med Mycol. 36:107-112.
  • 1622. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 1998. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of conidium-forming filamentous fungi; proposed standard. NCCLS document M38-P. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
  • 1669. Oakley, K. L., C. B. Moore, and D. W. Denning. 1998. In-vitro activity of voriconazole against Aspergillus spp. and comparison with itraconazole and amphotericin B. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 42:91-94.
  • 1670. Oakley, K. L., C. B. Moore, and D. W. Denning. 1998. In vitro activity of the echinocandin antifungal agent LY303,366 in comparison with itraconazole and amphotericin B against Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:2726-2730.
  • 1975. Rouby, Y., E. Combourieu, J. D. Perrier-Gros-Claude, C. Saccharin, and M. Huerre. 1998. A case of Aspergillus myocarditis associated with septic shock. J Infection. 37:295-297.
  • 2144. St-Germain, G., and R. Summerbell. 1996. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, 1st ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
  • 2159. Stevens, D. A. 1999. Drug interactions in vitro between a polyene (Ambisome) and an echinocandin (FK463) vs. Aspergillus species. 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Abstract No. 151.
  • 2203. Sutton, D. A., S. E. Sanche, S. G. Revankar, A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi. 1999. In vitro amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Aspergillus terreus, with a head-to-head comparison to voriconazole. J Clin Microbiol. 37:2343-2345.
  • 2352. Wallace, T. L., V. Paetznick, P. A. Cossum, G. Lopez-Berenstein, J. H. Rex, and E. Anaissie. 1997. Activity of liposomal nystatin against disseminated Aspergillus fumigatus infection in neutropenic mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:2238-2243.
  • References:
  • 265. Bocklisch, H., and B. Otto. 2000. Mycotic diseases in fish. Mycoses. 43:76-78.
  • 462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
  • 533. De Hoog, G. S., F. Queiroz-Telles, G. Haase, G. Fernandez-Zeppenfeldt, D. A. Angelis, A. van den Ende, T. Matos, H. Peltroche-Llacsahuanga, A. A. Pizzirani-Kleiner, J. Rainer, N. Richard-Yegres, V. Vicente, and F. Yegres. 2000. Black fungi: clinical and pathogenic approaches. Med Mycol. 38:243-250.
  • 602. Dixon, D. M., and A. Polak-Wyss. 1991. The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification. Mycoses. 34:1-18.
  • 1153. Kappe, R., and A. Schulze-Berge. 1993. New cause for false-positive results with the Pastorex Aspergillus antigen latex agglutination test. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2489-2490.
  • 1847. Pritchard, R. C., and D. B. Muir. 1987. Black fungi: a survey of dematiaceous hyphomycetes from clinical specimens identified over a five year period in a reference laboratory. Pathology. 19:281-4.
  • 2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
  • References:
  • 62. Anaissie, E., G. P. Bodey, H. Kantarjian, J. Ro, S. E. Vartivarian, R. Hopfer, J. Hoy, and K. Rolston. 1989. New spectrum of fungal infections in patients with cancer. Rev Infect Dis. 11:369-378.
  • 66. Anaissie, E. J., G. P. Bodey, and M. G. Rinaldi. 1989. Emerging fungal pathogens. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8:323-330.
  • 462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
  • 531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 558. Del Poeta, M., W. A. Schell, and J. R. Perfect. 1997. In vitro antifungal activity of pneumocandin L-743,872 against a variety of clinically important molds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1835-1836.
  • 580. deShazo, R. D., and R. E. Swain. 1995. Diagnostic criteria for allergic fungal sinusitis. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 96:24-35.
  • 642. Ebright, J. R., P. H. Chandrasekar, S. Marks, M. R. Fairfax, A. Aneziokoro, and M. R. McGinnis. 1999. Invasive sinusitis and cerebritis due to Curvularia clavata in an immunocompetent adult. Clin Infect Dis. 28:687-689.
  • 726. Fernandez, M., D. E. Noyola, S. N. Rossmann, and M. S. Edwards. 1999. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Curvularia lunata and a review of Curvularia infections in pediatrics. Pediat Inf Dis J. 18:727-731.
  • 786. Fung-Tomc, J. C., B. Minassian, E. Huczko, B. Kolek, D. P. Bonner, and R. E. Kessler. 1995. In vitro antifungal and fungicidal spectra of a new pradimicin derivative, BMS-181184. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:295-300.
  • 913. Guarro, J., T. Akiti, R. Almada-Horta, L. A. M. Leite, J. Gene, S. Ferreira-Gomes, C. Aguilar, and M. Ortoneda. 1999. Mycotic keratitis due to Curvularia senegalensis and in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Curvularia spp. J Clin Microbiol. 37:4170-4173.
  • 1219. Knudtson, W. U., and C. A. Kirkbride. 1992. Fungi associated with bovine abortion in the northern plains states (USA). J Vet Diagn Invest. 4:181-5.
  • 1262. Kuhn, F. A., and A. R. Javer. 2000. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis - Perioperative management, prevention of recurrence, and role of steroids and antifungal agents. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:419-432,XI,NIL_5.
  • 1285. Lake, F. R., J. H. Froudist, R. McAleer, R. L. Gillon, A. E. Tribe, and P. J. Thompson. 1991. Allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease caused by Bipolaris and Curvularia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 21:871-4.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1429. Manning, S. C., S. D. Schaefer, L. G. Close, and F. Vuitch. 1991. Culture-positive allergic fungal sinusitis. Archives of Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery. 117:174-8.
  • 1475. McAleer, R., D. B. Kroenert, J. L. Elder, and J. H. Froudist. 1981. Allergic bronchopulmonary disease caused by Curvularia lunata and Drechslera hawaiiensis. Thorax. 36:338-344.
  • 1491. McGinnis, M. R., and L. Pasarell. 1998. In vitro testing of susceptibilities of filamentous ascomycetes to voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B, with consideration of phylogenetic implication. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:2353-2355.
  • 1806. Pitt, J. I., A. D. Hocking, K. Bhudhasamai, B. F. Miscamble, K. A. Wheeler, and P. Tanboon-Ek. 1994. The normal mycoflora of commodities from Thailand. 2. Beans, rice, small grains and other commodities. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 23:35-43.
  • 1927. Rinaldi, M. G., P. Phillips, J. G. Schwartz, R. E. Winn, G. R. Holt, F. W. Shagets, J. Elrod, G. Nishioka, and T. B. Aufdemorte. 1987. Human Curvularia infections. Report of five cases and review of the literature. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 6:27-39.
  • 2042. Schell, W. A. 2000. Unusual fungal pathogens in fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:367-373,X.
  • 2144. St-Germain, G., and R. Summerbell. 1996. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, 1st ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
  • 2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
  • 2252. Travis, W. D., K. J. Kwon-Chung, D. E. Kleiner, A. Geber, W. Lawson, H. I. Pass, and D. Henderson. 1991. Unusual aspects of allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease: report of two cases due to Curvularia organisms associated with allergic fungal sinusitis. Hum Pathol. 22:1240-8.
  • 2270. Ujhelyi, M. R., R. H. Raasch, C. M. van der Horst, and W. D. Mattern. 1990. Treatment of peritonitis due to Curvularia and Trichosporon with amphotericin B. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12:621-7.
  • 2297. Vartivarian, S. E., E. J. Anaissie, and G. P. Bodey. 1993. Emerging fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients: classification, diagnosis, and management. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:S487-91.
  • 2468. Yau, Y. C. W., J. deNanassy, R. C. Summerbell, M. A. G, and S. E. Richardson. 1994. Fungal sternal wound infection due to Curvularia lunata in a neonate with congential heart disease: Case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:735-740.
  • References:
  • 36. Akpuaka, F. C., H. C. Gugnani, and L. M. Iregbulam. 1998. African histoplasmosis: report of two patients treated with amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Mycoses. 41:363-364.
  • 201. Bauder, B., A. Kubber-Heiss, T. Steineck, E. S. Kuttin, and L. Kaufman. 2000. Granulomatous skin lesions due to histoplasmosis in a badger (Meles meles) in Austria. Med Mycol. 38:249-253.
  • 462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
  • 512. Darling, S. T. 1909. The morphology of the parasite (Histoplasma capsulatum) and the lesions of histoplasmosis, a fatal disease of tropical America. J. Exp. Med. 11:515-530.
  • 623. Drouhet, E., and B. Dupont. 1983. Laboratory and clinical assessment of ketoconazole in deep-seated mycoses. Am. J. Med. 74 (Suppl. 1b):30-47.
  • 683. Espinel-Ingroff, A. 1998. Comparison of in vitro activities of the new triazole SCH56592 and the echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 36:2950-2956.
  • 716. Farina, C., F. Vailati, A. Manisco, and A. Goglio. 1999. Fungaemia survey: a 10-year experience in Bergamo, Italy. Mycoses. 42:543-548.
  • 749. Fojtasek, M. F., M. B. Kleiman, P. Connolly-Stringfield, R. Blair, and L. J. Wheat. 1994. The Histoplasma capsulatum antigen assay in disseminated histoplasmosis in children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 13:801-805.
  • 858. Goldani, L. Z., C. Klock, A. Diehl, A. C. Monteiro, and A. L. Maia. 2000. Histoplasmosis of the thyroid. J Clin Microbiol. 38:3890-3891.
  • 930. Gugnani, H. C., and F. Muotoe-Okafor. 1998. African histoplasmosis: a review. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 14:155-159.
  • 1152. Kappe, R. 1999. Antifungal activity of the new azole UK-109, 496 (voriconazole). Mycoses. 42:83-86.
  • 1221. Kohler, S., L. J. Wheat, P. Connolly, C. Schnizlein-Bick, M. Durkin, M. Smedema, J. Goldberg, and E. Brizendine. 2000. Comparison of the echinocandin caspofungin with amphotericin B for treatment of histoplasmosis following pulmonary challenge in a murine model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:1850-1854.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1338. Li, R. K., M. A. Ciblak, N. Nordoff, L. Pasarell, D. W. Warnock, and M. R. McGinnis. 2000. In vitro activities of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:1734-1736.
  • 1371. Lortholary, O., D. W. Denning, and B. Dupont. 1999. Endemic mycoses: a treatment update. J Antimicrob Chemother. 43:321-331.
  • 1655. Norris, S., J. Wheat, D. McKinsey, D. Lancaster, B. Katz, J. Black, M. Driks, R. Baker, K. Israel, D. Traeger, S. Moriarity, J. Fraiz, D. Webb, and T. Slama. 1994. Prevention of relapse of histoplasmosis with fluconazole in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 96:504-508.
  • 2067. Sebghati, T. S., J. T. Engle, and W. E. Goldman. 2000. Intracellular parasitism by Histoplasma capsulatum: Fungal virulence and calcium dependence. Science. 290:1368-1372.
  • 2144. St-Germain, G., and R. Summerbell. 1996. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, 1st ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
  • 2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
  • 2413. Wheat, J., P. Marichal, H. Vanden Bossche, A. L. Monte, and P. Connolly. 1997. Hypothesis on the mechanisms of resistance to fluconazole in Histoplasma capsulatum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:410-414.
  • 2414. Wheat, J., S. MaWhinney, R. Hafner, D. McKinsey, D. Chen, A. Korzun, K. J. Shakan, P. Johnson, R. Hamill, D. Bamberger, P. Pappas, J. Stansell, S. Koletar, K. Squires, R. A. Larsen, T. Cheung, N. Hyslop, K. K. Lai, D. Schneider, C. Kauffman, M. Saag, W. Dismukes, W. Powderly, and National Institute of allergy and Infectious Diseases Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Clinical Trials Group and Myocses Study Group. 1997. Treatment of histoplasmosis with fluconazole in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 103:223-232.
  • 2416. Wheat, L. J., P. Connolly-Stringfield, R. B. Kohler, P. T. Frame, and M. R. Gupta. 1989. Histoplasma capsulatum polysaccharide antigen detection in diagnosis and management of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 87:396-400.
  • References:
  • 63. Anaissie, E., H. Kantarjian, J. Ro, R. Hopfer, K. Rolston, V. Fainstein, and G. Bodey. 1988. The emerging role of Fusarium infections in patients with cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 67:77-83.
  • 65. Anaissie, E., V. Paetznick, R. Proffitt, M. J. Adler, and G. P. Bodey. 1991. Comparison of the in vitro antifungal activity of free and liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 10:665-668.
  • 66. Anaissie, E. J., G. P. Bodey, and M. G. Rinaldi. 1989. Emerging fungal pathogens. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8:323-330.
  • 119. Arikan, S., M. Lozano-Chiu, V. Paetznick, S. Nangia, and J. H. Rex. 1999. Microdilution susceptibility testing of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus and Fusarium species. J Clin Microbiol. 37:3946-3951.
  • 120. Arikan, S., M. Lozano-Chiu, V. Paetznick, and J. H. Rex. 2001. In vitro susceptibility testing methods for caspofungin against Aspergillus and Fusarium isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:327-330.
  • 121. Arikan, S., M. Lozano-Chiu, V. Paetznick, and J. H. Rex. 2000. In vitro synergy studies with caspofungin and amphotericin B against Aspergillus and Fusarium. 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Abstract No. J-932.
  • 142. Austen, B., H. McCarthy, B. Wilkins, A. Smith, and A. Duncombe. 2001. Fatal disseminated fusarium infection in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in complete remission. J Clin Pathol. 54:488-490.
  • 306. Boutati, E. I., and E. J. Anaissie. 1997. Fusarium, a significant emerging pathogen in patients with hematologic malignancy: Ten years' experience at a cancer center and implications for management. Blood. 90:999-1008.
  • 446. Clancy, C. J., and M. H. Nguyen. 1998. In vitro efficacy and fungicidal activity of voriconazole against Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17:573-575.
  • 455. Cofrancesco, E., C. Boschetti, M. A. Viviani, C. Bargiggia, A. M. Tortorano, M. Cortellaro, and C. Zanussi. 1992. Efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in the eradication of Fusarium infection in a leukaemic patient. Haematologica. 77:280-3.
  • 531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 558. Del Poeta, M., W. A. Schell, and J. R. Perfect. 1997. In vitro antifungal activity of pneumocandin L-743,872 against a variety of clinically important molds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1835-1836.
  • 581. Deshpande, S. D., and G. V. Koppikar. 1999. A study of mycotic keratitis in Mumbai. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 42:81-7.
  • 683. Espinel-Ingroff, A. 1998. Comparison of in vitro activities of the new triazole SCH56592 and the echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 36:2950-2956.
  • 687. Espinel-Ingroff, A. 2001. In vitro fungicidal activities of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against opportunistic moniliaceous and dematiaceous fungi. J Clin Microbiol. 39:954-958.
  • 716. Farina, C., F. Vailati, A. Manisco, and A. Goglio. 1999. Fungaemia survey: a 10-year experience in Bergamo, Italy. Mycoses. 42:543-548.
  • 844. Girmenia, C., A. P. Lori, F. Boecklin, A. Torosantucci, P. Chiani, P. De Fabritiis, F. Taglietti, A. Cassone, and P. Martino. 1999. Fusarium infections in patients with severe aplastic anemia: review and implications for management. Haematologica. 84:114-118.
  • 861. Goldblum, D., B. E. Frueh, S. Zimmerli, and M. Bohnke. 2000. Treatment of postkeratitis fusarium endophthalmitis with amphotericin B lipid complex [In Process Citation]. Cornea. 19:853-6.
  • 916. Guarro, J., and J. Gene. 1995. Opportunistic fusarial infections in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14:741-754.
  • 918. Guarro, J., M. Nucci, T. Akiti, J. Gene, M. D. C. Barreiro, and R. T. Goncalves. 2000. Fungemia due to Fusarium sacchari in an immunosuppressed patient. J Clin Microbiol. 38:419-421.
  • 952. Gupta, A. K., and R. C. Summerbell. 1999. Combined distal and lateral subungual and white superficial onychomycosis in the toenails. J Am Acad Dermatol. 41:938-44.
  • 1024. Hennequin, C., E. Abachin, F. Symoens, V. Lavarde, C. Reboux, N. Nolard, and P. Berche. 1999. Identification of Fusarium species involved in human infections by 28S rRNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol. 37:3586-3589.
  • 1130. Johnson, E. M., A. Szekely, and D. W. Warnock. 1998. In-vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against filamentous fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother. 42:741-745.
  • 1131. Johnson, E. M., A. Szekely, and D. W. Warnock. 1999. In vitro activity of Syn-2869, a novel triazole agent, against emerging and less common mold pathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:1260-1263.
  • 1152. Kappe, R. 1999. Antifungal activity of the new azole UK-109, 496 (voriconazole). Mycoses. 42:83-86.
  • 1241. Kovacicova, G., S. Spanik, A. Kunova, J. Trupl, A. Sabo, P. Koren, M. Sulcova, F. Mateicka, J. Novotny, E. Pichnova, L. Jurga, B. Chmelik, T. Obertik, D. West, and V. Krcmery, Jr. 2001. Prospective study of fungaemia in a single cancer institution over a 10-y period: Aetiology, risk factors, consumption of antifungals and outcome in 140 patients. Scand J Infec Dis. 33:367-374.
  • 1248. Krcmery, V., Jr., and G. Kovacicova. 2000. Longitudinal 10-year prospective survey of fungaemia in Slovak Republic: trends in etiology in 310 episodes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 36:7-11.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1340. Liesegang, T. J., and R. K. Forster. 1980. Spectrum of microbial keratitis in South Florida. Am J Ophthalmol. 90:38-47.
  • 1374. Louie, T., F. el Baba, M. Shulman, and V. Jimenez-Lucho. 1994. Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Fusarium: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. 18:585-8.
  • 1380. Lozano-Chiu, M., S. Arikan, V. L. Paetznick, E. J. Anaissie, D. Loebenberg, and J. H. Rex. 1999. Treatment of murine fusariosis with SCH 56592. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:589-591.
  • 1426. Manfredini, L., A. Garaventa, E. Castagnola, C. Viscoli, C. Moroni, G. Dini, M. L. Garre, G. Manno, C. Savioli, Z. Kotitsa, and et al. 1995. [Fungal infections in pediatric oncology]. Pediatr Med Chir. 17:435-41.
  • 1433. Marco, F., M. A. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, and R. N. Jones. 1998. Antifungal activity of a new triazole, voriconazole (UK- 109,496), compared with three other antifungal agents tested against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. Med Mycol. 36:433-436.
  • 1434. Marco, F., M. A. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, and R. N. Jones. 1998. In vitro activity of a new triazole antifungal agent, Sch 56592, against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. Mycopathologia. 141:73-77.
  • 1473. Mayayo, E., I. Pujol, and J. Guarro. 1999. Experimental pathogenicity of four opportunist Fusarium species in a murine model. J Med Microbiol. 48:363-366.
  • 1494. McGinnis, M. R., L. Pasarell, D. A. Sutton, A. W. Fothergill, C. R. Cooper, and M. G. Rinaldi. 1998. In vitro activity of voriconazole against selected fungi. Med Mycol. 36:239-242.
  • 1577. Moriarty, A. P., G. J. Crawford, I. L. McAllister, and I. J. Constable. 1993. Severe corneoscleral infection. A complication of beta irradiation scleral necrosis following pterygium excision. Arch Ophthalmol. 111:947-51.
  • 1581. Morrison, V. A., R. J. Haake, and D. J. Weisdorf. 1993. The spectrum of non-Candida fungal infections following bone marrow transplantation. Medicine (Baltimore). 72:78-89.
  • 1780. Pfaller, M. A., F. Marco, S. A. Messer, and R. N. Jones. 1998. In vitro activity of two echinocandin derivatives, LY303366 and MK-0991 (L-743,792), against clinical isolates of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and other filamentous fungi. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30:251-255.
  • 1804. Pitt, J. I. 2000. Toxigenic fungi: which are important? Med Mycol. 38:17-22.
  • 1806. Pitt, J. I., A. D. Hocking, K. Bhudhasamai, B. F. Miscamble, K. A. Wheeler, and P. Tanboon-Ek. 1994. The normal mycoflora of commodities from Thailand. 2. Beans, rice, small grains and other commodities. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 23:35-43.
  • 1826. Ponton, J., R. Ruchel, K. V. Clemons, D. C. Coleman, R. Grillot, J. Guarro, D. Aldebert, P. Ambroise-Thomas, J. Cano, A. J. Carrillo-Munoz, J. Gene, C. Pinel, D. A. Stevens, and D. J. Sullivan. 2000. Emerging pathogens. Med Mycol. 38:225-236.
  • 1854. Pujol, I., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and J. Sala. 1997. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental Fusarium spp. strains. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39:163-167.
  • 1864. Radford, S. A., E. M. Johnson, and D. W. Warnock. 1997. In vitro studies of activity of voriconazole (UK-104,496), a new triazole antifungal agent, against emerging and less-common mold pathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:841-843.
  • 1866. Rahman, M. R., G. J. Johnson, R. Husain, S. A. Howlader, and D. C. Minassian. 1998. Randomised trial of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 2.5% natamycin for fungal keratitis in Bangladesh. Br J Ophthalmol. 82:919-25.
  • 1895. Restrepo, A. 1994. Treatment of tropical mycoses. J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 31:S91-102.
  • 1899. Reuben, A., E. Anaissie, P. E. Nelson, R. Hashem, C. Legrand, D. H. Ho, and G. P. Bodey. 1989. Antifungal susceptibility of 44 clinical isolates of Fusarium species determined by using a broth microdilution method. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:1647-1649.
  • 1921. Richardson, S. E., R. M. Bannatyne, R. C. Summerbell, J. Milliken, R. Gold, and S. S. Weitzman. 1988. Disseminated fusarial infection in the immunocompromised host. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:1171-1181.
  • 1955. Rolston, K. V. I. 2001. The spectrum of pulmonary infections in cancer patients. Curr Opin Oncol. 13:218-223.
  • 1961. Romano, C., C. Miracco, and E. M. Difonzo. 1998. Skin and nail infections due to Fusarium oxysporum in Tuscany, Italy. Mycoses. 41:433-437.
  • 1963. Rosa, R. H., Jr., D. Miller, and E. C. Alfonso. 1994. The changing spectrum of fungal keratitis in south Florida. Ophthalmology. 101:1005-13.
  • 1973. Rotowa, N. A., H. J. Shadomy, and S. Shadomy. 1990. In vitro activities of polyene and imidazole antifungal agents against unusual opportunistic fungal pathogens. Mycoses. 33:203-11.
  • 2015. Sampathkumar, P., and C. V. Paya. 2001. Fusarium infection after solid-organ transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 32:1237-1240.
  • 2039. Schaafsma, A. W., R. W. Nicol, M. E. Savard, R. C. Sinha, L. M. Reid, and G. Rottinghaus. 1998. Analysis of Fusarium toxins in maize and wheat using thin layer chromatography. Mycopathologia. 142:107-13.
  • 2041. Schell, W. A. 2000. Histopathology of fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:251-276,VII,VIII,NIL_5.
  • 2072. Segal, B. H., T. J. Walsh, J. M. Liu, J. D. Wilson, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1998. Invasive infection with Fusarium chlamydosporum in a patient with aplastic anemia. J Clin Microbiol. 36:1772-1776.
  • 2111. Singh, G., and S. R. Malik. 1972. Therapeutic keratoplasty in fungal corneal ulcers. Br J Ophthalmol. 56:41-5.
  • 2136. Speeleveld, E., B. Gordts, H. W. Van Landuyt, C. De Vroey, and C. Raes-Wuytack. 1996. Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Fusarium to antifungal drugs. Mycoses. 39:37-40.
  • 2137. Spielberger, R. T., M. J. Falleroni, A. J. Coene, and R. A. Larson. 1993. Concomitant amphotericin B therapy, granulocyte transfusions, and GM-CSF administration for disseminated infection with Fusarium in a granulocytopenic patient. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16:528-30.
  • 2141. Squier, C., V. L. Yu, and J. E. Stout. 2000. Waterborne Nosocomial Infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2:490-496.
  • 2194. Summerbell, R. C., S. Krajden, and J. Kane. 1989. Potted plants in hospitals as reservoirs of pathogenic fungi. Mycopathologia. 106:13-22.
  • 2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
  • 2223. Tanure, M. A., E. J. Cohen, S. Sudesh, C. J. Rapuano, and P. R. Laibson. 2000. Spectrum of fungal keratitis at Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cornea. 19:307-12.
  • 2226. Tawara, S., F. Ikeda, K. Maki, Y. Morishita, K. Otomo, N. Teratani, T. Goto, M. Tomishima, H. Ohki, A. Yamada, K. Kawabata, H. Takasugi, K. Sakane, H. Tanaka, F. Matsumo, and S. Kuwahara. 2000. In vitro activities of a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, FK463, against a variety of clinically important fungi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:57-62.
  • 2282. Van Cutsem, J. 1989. The in-vitro antifungal spectrum of itraconazole. Mycoses. 32:7-13.
  • 2283. Van Cutsem, J. 1992. In vitro antifungal spectrum of itraconazole and treatment of systemic mycoses with old and new antimycotic agents. Chemotherapy. 1:3-11.
  • 2297. Vartivarian, S. E., E. J. Anaissie, and G. P. Bodey. 1993. Emerging fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients: classification, diagnosis, and management. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:S487-91.
  • 2304. Venditti, M., A. Micozzi, G. Gentile, L. Polonelli, G. Morace, P. Bianco, G. Avvisati, G. Papa, and P. Martino. 1988. Invasive Fusarium solani infections in patients with acute leukemia. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:653-660.
  • 2334. Visconti, A., M. Solfrizzo, G. Avantaggiato, and A. De Girolamo. 2000. Strategies for detoxification of Fusarium mycotoxins and assessing in vivo the relevant effectiveness. BCPC Conference: Pests & Diseases:721-728.
  • 2345. Wadhwani, K., and A. K. Srivastava. 1984. Fungi from otitis media of agricultural field workers. Mycopathologia. 88:155-9.
  • 2370. Walsh, T. J., N. L. Seibel, C. Arndt, R. E. Harris, M. J. Dinubile, A. Reboli, J. Hiemenz, and S. J. Chanock. 1999. Amphotericin B lipid complex in pediatric patients with invasive fungal infections. Pediat Inf Dis J. 18:702-708.
  • 2432. Wildfeuer, A., H. P. Seidl, I. Paule, and A. Haberreiter. 1998. In vitro evaluation of voriconazole against clinical isolates of yeasts, moulds and dermatophytes in comparison with itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and griseofulvin. Mycoses. 41:309-319.
  • 2452. Wolff, M. A., and R. Ramphal. 1995. Use of amphotericin B lipid complex for treatment of disseminated cutaneous Fusarium infection in a neutropenic patient. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20:1568-1569.
  • 2471. Yildiran, S. T., S. Komurcu, M. A. Saracli, A. Gonlum, C. Beyan, H. Gun, and A. Yalcin. 1998. Fusarium fungaemia in severely neutropenic patients. Mycoses. 41:467-469.
  • References:
  • 3. Abe, F., H. Shibuya, M. Tateyama, Y. Ommura, N. Azumi, and K. Kimura. 1986. Mucormycosis in diabetic ketoacidosis: Role of unbound iron binding capacity of transferrin. Acta Pathol. Jpn. 36:1307-1312.
  • 8. Adam, R. D., G. Hunger, J. DiTomasso, and G. Comerci, Jr. 1994. Mucormycosis: Emerging prominence of cutaneous infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:67-76.
  • 12. Aderka, A., Y. Sidi, D. Garfinkel, A. Rothem, A. Weinberger, and J. Pinkhas. 1983. Roentgenologically invisible mucormycosis pneumonia. Respiration. 44:158-160.
  • 19. Agger, W. A., and D. G. Maki. 1978. Mucormycosis: a complication of critical care. Arch. Intern. Med. 138:925-927.
  • 217. Bennett, C. L., C. A. Westbrook, B. Gruber, and H. M. Golomb. 1986. Hairy cell leukemia and mucomycosis: Treatment with alpha-2 interferon. Am. J. Med. 81:1065-1067.
  • 234. Berns, J. S., M. M. Lederman, and G. B. M. 1984. Nonsurgical cure of pulmonary mucomycosis. Am. J. Med. Sci. 287:42-44.
  • 243. Bigby, T. D., L. M. Turney, and M. A. Matthay. 1986. Clinical spectrum of pulmonary mucomycosis. Chest. 89:435-439.
  • 277. Boelaert, J. R., M. de Locht, and Y.-J. Schneider. 1994. The effect of deferoxamine on different zygomycetes. J. Infect. Dis. 169:231-232.
  • 278. Boelaert, J. R., M. de Locht, J. Van Cutsem, V. Kerrels, C. B, A. Verdonck, H. W. Van Landuyt, and Y.-J. Schneider. 1993. Mucormycosis during deferoxamine therapy is a siderophore-mediated infection: In vitro and in vivo animal studies. J. Clin. Invest. 91:1979-1986.
  • 279. Boelaert, J. R., G. F. van Roost, P. L. Vergauwe, J. J. Verbanck, C. de Vroey, and M. F. Segaert. 1988. The role of desferrioxamine in dialysis-associated mucomycosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Clinical Nephrology. 29:261-266.
  • 292. Boogaerts, M. A., G. E. Verhoef, P. Zachee, H. Demuynck, L. Verbist, and K. De Beule. 1989. Antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole in prolonged neutropenia: correlation with plasma levels. Mycoses. 32 (Suppl 1):103-108.
  • 375. Caraveo, J., A. A. Trowbridge, B. W. Amaral, J. B. Green, P. T. Cain, and D. L. Hurley. 1977. Bone marrow necrosis associated with a mucor infection. Am. J. Med. 62:404-408.
  • 531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 723. Ferguson, B. J. 2000. Mucormycosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:349-365,IX,X,NIL_5.
  • 763. Frater, J. L., G. S. Hall, and G. W. Procop. 2001. Histologic features of zygomycosis - Emphasis on perineural invasion and fungal morphology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 125:375-378.
  • 805. Garcia-Diaz, J. B., L. Palau, and G. A. Pankey. 2001. Resolution of rhinocerebral zygomycosis associated with adjuvant administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Infect Dis. 32:E166-E170.
  • 815. Gaviria, J. M., L. A. Grohskopf, R. Barnes, and R. K. Root. 1999. Successful treatment of rhinocerebral zygomycosis: A combined- strategy approach. Clin Infect Dis. 28:160-161.
  • 887. Grauer, M. E., C. Bokemeyer, T. Welte, M. Freund, and H. Link. 1993. Successful treatment of Mucor pneumonia in a patient with relapsed lymphoblastic leukemia after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 12:421-424.
  • 911. Guardia, J. A., J. Bourgoignie, and J. Diego. 2000. Renal mucormycosis in the HIV patient. Amer J Kidney Dis. 35:E241-E245.
  • 1004. Hay, R. J. 1994. Liposomal amphotericin B, AmBisome. J. Infect. 28:35-43.
  • 1233. Kontoyiannis, D. P., V. C. Wessel, G. P. Bodey, and K. V. I. Rolston. 2000. Zygomycosis in the 1990s in a tertiary-care cancer center. Clin Infect Dis. 30:851-856.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1366. Lopez-Berestein, G., V. Fainstein, R. Hopfer, K. Mehta, M. P. Sullivan, M. Keating, M. G. Rosenblum, R. Mehta, M. Luna, E. M. Hersh, and et al. 1985. Liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of systemic fungal infections in patients with cancer: a preliminary study. J Infect Dis. 151:704-10.
  • 1470. Maury, S., T. Leblanc, M. Feuihade, J.-M. Molina, and G. Schaison. 1998. Successful treatement of disseminated mucormycosis with liposomal amphotericin B and surgery in a child with leukemia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:200-202.
  • 1581. Morrison, V. A., R. J. Haake, and D. J. Weisdorf. 1993. The spectrum of non-Candida fungal infections following bone marrow transplantation. Medicine (Baltimore). 72:78-89.
  • 1588. Moses, A. E., G. Rahav, Y. Barenholz, J. Elidan, B. Azaz, S. Gillis, M. Brickman, I. Polacheck, and M. Shapiro. 1998. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis treated with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in three patients. Clin Infect Dis. 26:1430-1433.
  • 1656. Nosari, A., P. Oreste, M. Montillo, G. Carrafiello, M. Draisci, G. Muti, A. Molteni, and E. Morra. 2000. Mucormycosis in hematologic malignancies: an emerging fungal infection. Haematologica. 85:1068-1071.
  • 1683. Okhuysen, P. C., J. H. Rex, M. Kapusta, and C. Fife. 1994. Successful treatment of extensive posttraumatic soft-tissue and renal infections due to Apophysomyces elegans. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:329-331.
  • 1703. Pagani, J. J., and H. I. Libshitz. 1981. Opportunistic fungal pneumonias in cancer patients. Am. J. Roentgenol. 137.
  • 1751. Penk, A., and L. Pittrow. 1999. Therapeutic experience with fluconazole in the treatment of fungal infections in diabetic patients. Mycoses. 42:97-100.
  • 1755. Perez, A. 1999. Terbinafine: broad new spectrum of indications in several subcutaneous and systemic and parasitic diseases. Mycoses. 42:111-114.
  • 1792. Pickles, R., G. Long, and R. Murugasu. 1994. Isolate renal mucormycosis. Med. J. Aust. 160:514-516.
  • 1794. Pidhorecky, I., J. Urschel, and T. Anderson. 2000. Resection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Annals Surg Oncology. 7:312-317.
  • 1918. Ribes, J. A., C. L. Vanover-Sams, and D. J. Baker. 2000. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:236-301.
  • 2023. Sane, A., S. Manzi, J. Perfect, A. J. Herzberg, and J. O. Moore. 1989. Deferoxamine treatment as a risk factor for zygomycete infection. 159:151-152.
  • 2033. Sastre, J. L., J. Perez-Oteyza, J. Lopez, C. Cervero, A. Sanchez-Sousa, J. Garcia-Larana, J. A. Cancelas, J. Odriozola, and J. L. Navarro. 1994. [Pulmonary mucormycosis in leukemic patients. Apropos of 2 cases]. Sangre. 39:53-5.
  • 2144. St-Germain, G., and R. Summerbell. 1996. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, 1st ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
  • 2149. Stave, G. M., T. Heimberger, and T. M. Kerkering. 1989. Zygomycosis of the basal ganglia in intravenous drug users. Am. J. Med. 85:115-116.
  • 2165. Stewart, N. J., B. L. Munday, and T. Hawkesford. 1999. Isolation of Mucor circinelloides from a case of ulcerative mycosis of platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), and a comparison of the response of Mucor circinelloides and Mucor amphibiorum to different culture temperatures. Med Mycol. 37:201-206.
  • 2182. Stringer, S. P., and M. W. Ryan. 2000. Chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:375-387,X.
  • 2185. Sugar, A. M., and X. P. Liu. 2000. Combination antifungal therapy in treatment of murine pulmonary mucormycosis: Roles of quinolones and azoles. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:2004-2006.
  • 2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
  • 2341. Voigt, K., E. Cigelnik, and K. O'Donnell. 1999. Phylogeny and PCR identification of clinically important zygomycetes based on nuclear ribosomal-DNA sequence data. J Clin Microbiol. 37:3957-3964.
  • 2432. Wildfeuer, A., H. P. Seidl, I. Paule, and A. Haberreiter. 1998. In vitro evaluation of voriconazole against clinical isolates of yeasts, moulds and dermatophytes in comparison with itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and griseofulvin. Mycoses. 41:309-319.
  • 2486. Zander, D. S., M. J. Cicale, and P. Mergo. 2000. Durable cure of mucormycosis involving allograft and native lungs. J Heart Lung Transplant. 19:615-618.
22, Rhizopus spp. (described by Ehrenberg ex Corda in 1838); Dr Fungus
  • References:
  • 104. Anstead, G. M., D. A. Sutton, E. H. Thompson, I. Weitzman, R. A. Otto, and S. K. Ahuja. 1999. Disseminated zygomycosis due to Rhizopus schipperae after heatstroke. J Clin Microbiol. 37:2656-2662.
  • 192. Barratt, D. M., K. Van Meter, P. Asmar, T. Nolan, C. Trahan, L. Garcia-Covarrubias, and S. E. Metzinger. 2001. Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct in zygomycosis: Randomized controlled trial in a murine model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:3601-3602.
  • 408. Chakrabarti, A., A. Das, A. Sharma, N. Panda, S. Das, K. L. Gupta, and V. Sakhuja. 2001. Ten years' experience in zygomycosis at a tertiary care centre in India. J Infection. 42:261-266.
  • 462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
  • 502. Cuvelier, I., D. Vogelaers, R. Peleman, D. Benoit, V. Van Marck, F. Offner, K. Vandewoude, and F. Colardyn. 1998. Two cases of disseminated mucormycosis in patients with hematological malignancies and literature review. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17:859-863.
  • 531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 558. Del Poeta, M., W. A. Schell, and J. R. Perfect. 1997. In vitro antifungal activity of pneumocandin L-743,872 against a variety of clinically important molds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1835-1836.
  • 689. Espinel-Ingroff, A., K. Dawson, M. Pfaller, E. Anaissie, B. Breslin, D. Dixon, A. Fothergill, V. Paetznick, J. Peter, M. Rinaldi, and T. Walsh. 1995. Comparative and collaborative evaluation of standardization of antifungal susceptibility testing for filamentous fungi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:314-319.
  • 696. Eucker, J., O. Sezer, B. Graf, and K. Possinger. 2001. Mucormycoses. Mycoses. 44:253-260.
  • 723. Ferguson, B. J. 2000. Mucormycosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:349-365,IX,X,NIL_5.
  • 763. Frater, J. L., G. S. Hall, and G. W. Procop. 2001. Histologic features of zygomycosis - Emphasis on perineural invasion and fungal morphology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 125:375-378.
  • 805. Garcia-Diaz, J. B., L. Palau, and G. A. Pankey. 2001. Resolution of rhinocerebral zygomycosis associated with adjuvant administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Infect Dis. 32:E166-E170.
  • 812. Gartenberg, G., E. J. Bottone, G. T. Keusch, and I. Weitzman. 1978. Hospital-azquired mucormycosis (Rhizopus rhizopodiformis) of skin and subcutaneous tissue: Epidemiogy, mycology, and treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. 299:1115-1118.
  • 910. Grossi, P., C. Farina, R. Fiocchi, and D. Dalla Gasperina. 2000. Prevalence and outcome of invasive fungal infections in 1,963 thoracic organ transplant recipients - A multicenter retrospective study. Transplantation. 70:112-116.
  • 963. Hagensee, M. E., J. E. Bauwens, B. Kjos, and R. A. Bowden. 1994. Brain abscess following marrow transplantation: experience at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1984-1992. Clin Infect Dis. 19:402-8.
  • 1004. Hay, R. J. 1994. Liposomal amphotericin B, AmBisome. J. Infect. 28:35-43.
  • 1039. Herreros, E., M. J. Almela, S. Lozano, F. G. De las Heras, and D. Gargallo-Viola. 2001. Antifungal activities and cytotoxicity studies of six new azasordarins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:3132-3139.
  • 1130. Johnson, E. M., A. Szekely, and D. W. Warnock. 1998. In-vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against filamentous fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother. 42:741-745.
  • 1233. Kontoyiannis, D. P., V. C. Wessel, G. P. Bodey, and K. V. I. Rolston. 2000. Zygomycosis in the 1990s in a tertiary-care cancer center. Clin Infect Dis. 30:851-856.
  • 1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  • 1318. Leong, A. S. Y. 1978. Granulomatous mediastinitis due to Rhizopus species. Am. J. Clin. Path. 70:103-107.
  • 1433. Marco, F., M. A. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, and R. N. Jones. 1998. Antifungal activity of a new triazole, voriconazole (UK- 109,496), compared with three other antifungal agents tested against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. Med Mycol. 36:433-436.
  • 1434. Marco, F., M. A. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, and R. N. Jones. 1998. In vitro activity of a new triazole antifungal agent, Sch 56592, against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. Mycopathologia. 141:73-77.
  • 1470. Maury, S., T. Leblanc, M. Feuihade, J.-M. Molina, and G. Schaison. 1998. Successful treatement of disseminated mucormycosis with liposomal amphotericin B and surgery in a child with leukemia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:200-202.
  • 1588. Moses, A. E., G. Rahav, Y. Barenholz, J. Elidan, B. Azaz, S. Gillis, M. Brickman, I. Polacheck, and M. Shapiro. 1998. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis treated with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in three patients. Clin Infect Dis. 26:1430-1433.
  • 1656. Nosari, A., P. Oreste, M. Montillo, G. Carrafiello, M. Draisci, G. Muti, A. Molteni, and E. Morra. 2000. Mucormycosis in hematologic malignancies: an emerging fungal infection. Haematologica. 85:1068-1071.
  • 1731. Patel, R., D. Portela, A. D. Badley, W. S. Harmsen, J. J. Larson-Keller, D. M. Ilstrup, M. R. Keating, R. H. Wiesner, R. A. Krom, and C. V. Paya. 1996. Risk factors of invasive Candida and non-Candida fungal infections after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 62:926-934.
  • 1751. Penk, A., and L. Pittrow. 1999. Therapeutic experience with fluconazole in the treatment of fungal infections in diabetic patients. Mycoses. 42:97-100.
  • 1755. Perez, A. 1999. Terbinafine: broad new spectrum of indications in several subcutaneous and systemic and parasitic diseases. Mycoses. 42:111-114.
  • 1780. Pfaller, M. A., F. Marco, S. A. Messer, and R. N. Jones. 1998. In vitro activity of two echinocandin derivatives, LY303366 and MK-0991 (L-743,792), against clinical isolates of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and other filamentous fungi. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30:251-255.
  • 1782. Pfaller, M. A., S. A. Messer, R. J. Hollis, and R. N. Jones. 2002. Antifungal activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against 239 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. and other filamentous fungi: Report from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2000. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:1032-1037.
  • 1918. Ribes, J. A., C. L. Vanover-Sams, and D. J. Baker. 2000. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:236-301.
  • 2042. Schell, W. A. 2000. Unusual fungal pathogens in fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin N Amer. 33:367-373,X.
  • REFERENCES:
  • -Bacteriology at UW-Madison: Staphylococcus
  • -Gill S.R., Founts D. E., ARcher G. L., Mongodis E. F., Deboy R. T., Ravel J., Paulsen I. T., Kolonay J. F., Brinkac L., Beanan M., Dodson R. J., Daughtery S. C., Madupu R., Angiuoli S. V., Durkin A. S., Haft D. H., Vamathevan J., Khouri H., Utterback T., Lee C., Dimitrov G., Jiang L., Qin H., Weidman J., Tran K., Kang K., Hance I. R., Nelson K. E., Fraser C. M. "Insights on evolution of virulence and resistance from the complete genome analysis of an early methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and a biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strain." Journal of bacteriology 2005 Apr;187(7):2426-38.
  • -HGM 2002: Comparison of genomes between Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus
  • -Kuroda, M. et al. 2001. Whole genome sequencing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The Lancet, 357: 1225-1240
  • -Newton Science Magazine: The Bug Stops Here
  • -Princeton University: Staphylococcus
  • -Sanger Institute: Staphylococcus aureus
  • -The Nemours Foundation: Staphylococcus aureus
  • -University of South Carolina: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococci

25Fatal Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Curvularia lunata in an Immunocompetent Patient; Elliot Carter* and Carole Boudreaux - Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama;; Journal of Clinical Microbiology

26. Health News; CDC warns of the fungus histoplasmosis; UPI.com  - 100 years of journalistic excellence

27. Church Volunteers Stricken With Lung Ailment, By Roni Caryn Rabin, Pulblised December 22, 2008: The New York Times

28. Unusual rhinosinusitis caused by Curvularia fungi; From the Department of Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.

REFERENCES:

(1.) Wilhelmus KR, Jones DB. Curvularia keratitis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2001:99:111-30: discussion 130-2.

(2.) Nishioka G, Schwartz JG, Rinaldi MG, et al. Fungal maxillary sinusitis caused by Curvularia lunata. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113:665-6.

(3.) Ebright JR, Chandrasekar PH, Marks S, et al. Invasive sinusitis and cerebritis due to Curvularia clavata in an immunocompetent adult. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:687-9.

(4.) Schell WA. Unusual fungal pathogens in fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2000,33:367-73.

29. Sinonasal mycetoma - Enrique Palacios, MD, FACR; Wesley Jones, MD; Jorge Alvernia, MD; From the Department of Radiology (Dr. Palacios and Dr. Jones) and the Department of Neurosurgery (Dr. Alvernia), Tulane University Hospital and Clinic, New Orleans.

REFERENCES:

(1.) Som PM, Brandwein MS. Inflammatory diseases. In: Som PM, Curtin HD. Head and Neck Imaging. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003:193-259.

(2.) Fellows DW, King VD, Conturo T, et al. In vitro evaluation of MR hypointensity in Aspergillus colonies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15(6):1139-44.

(3.) Gunduz K, Orguc S, Demireli P, et al. A case of mycetoma successfully treated with itraconazole and co-trimoxazole. Mycoses 2006;49(5):436-8.

(4.) Jiang RS, Hsu CY. Serum immunoglobulins and IgG subclass levels in sinus mycetoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130 (5):563-6.

(5.) Kumar J, Kumar A, Sethy P, Gupta S. The dot-in-circle sign of mycetoma on MRI. Diagn Interv Radiol 2007;13(4):193-5.

(6.) Klossek JM, Serrano E, Peloquin L, et al. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery and 109 mycetomas of paranasal sinuses. Laryngoscope 1997;107(1):112-17.

(7.) deShazo RID. Fungal sinusitis. Am J Med Sci 1998;316(1):39-45.

(8.) Pagella F, Matti E, De Bernardi F, et al. Paranasal sinus fungus ball: Diagnosis and management. Mycoses 2007;50(6):451-6.

30. Mold Biology and Mold Related Heath Issues

31Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: An Overview


REFERENCES:

(1.) Morton HS. Actinomycosis. Can Med Assoc J 1940;42:231-6.

(2.) Molto JE. Differential diagnosis of rib lesions: a cast study from Middle Woodland southern Ontario circa 230 A.D. Am J Phys Anthropol 1990;83:439-47.

(3.) Bollinger O. Ueber eine neue Pilzkrankheit beim Rinde. Zentralblatt Medizinische Wissenschaft 1877;15:481-90.

(4.) Thompson L. Isolation and comparison of Actinomyces from human and bovine infections. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings Mayo Clinic 1950;25:81-90.

(5.) Israel J. Neue Beobachtungen auf dem Gebiete der Mykosen des Menschen. Archiv Pathologische Anatomie 1878;64:15-31.

(6.) Wolff M, Israel J. Ueber Reincultur des Actinomyces und seine Uebertragbarkeit auf Thiere. Archiv Pathologische Anatomie 1891;126:11-28.

(7.) Griner LA. Pathology of zoo animals. San Diego (CA): Zoologic Society of San Diego; 1983.

(8.) Batty I. Actinomyces odontolyticus, a new species of actinomycete

actinomycete: Any of a group of generally low-oxygen–utilizing bacteria identified by a branching growth pattern that results in large threadlike structures. The filaments may break apart to form rods or spheroidal shapes. Some actinomycetes can form spores.

regularly isolated from deep carious car·i·ous adj. Having caries; decayed.

carious (ker´ēus), adj pertaining to caries or decay.  dentine. J Path Bactiol 1958;75:455-9.

(9.) Morris JF, Kilbourn P. Systemic actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces odontolyticus. Ann Intern Med 1974;81:700.

(10.) Mitchell PD, Hintz CS, Haselby RC. Malar malar /ma·lar/ (ma´lar) 1. buccal; pertaining to the cheek. 2. zygomatic.

ma·lar adj. Of or relating to the cheekbone or the cheek. n. The cheekbone.  mass due to Actinomyces odontolyticus. J Clin Microbiol 1977;5:658-60.

(11.) Hutton RM, Behrens RH. Actinomyces odontolyticus as a cause of brain abscess. J Infect 1979;1:195-7.

(12.) Baron EJ, Angevine JM, Sundstrom W. Actinomycotic pulmonary abscess in an immunosuppressed patient. Am J Clin Pathol 1979;72:637-9.

(13.) Guillou JP, Durieux R, Bublanchet A, Chevrier L. Actinomyces odontolyticus, premiere etude realisee en France. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1977;285:1561-4.

(14.) Ruutu P, Pentikainen PJ, Larinkari U, Lempinen M. Hepatic actinomycosis presenting as repeated cholestatic reactions. Scand J Infect Dis 1982;14:235-8.

(15.) Klaaborg K-E, Kronborg O, Olsen H. Enterocutaneous fistulization due to Actinomyces odontolyticus. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:526-7.

(16.) Peloux Y, Raoult D, Chardon, Escarguel JP. Actinomyces odontolyticus infections: review of six patients. J Infect 1985;11:125-9.

(17.) Bellingan GJ. Disseminated actinomycosis: association with rapidly progressing cervical cord lesion. BMJ 1990;301:1323-4.

(18.) Hooi LN, Sin KS. A case of empyema empyema (ĕmpē-ē`mə), persistent purulent discharge into a cavity such as the pleural space or the gallbladder. Empyema results as a complication of bacterial infections such as pneumonia and lung abscess.  caused by actinomycosis. Med J Malaysia 1992;47:311-5.

(19.) Verrot D, Disdier P, Harle JR, Peloux Y, Garbes L, Arnaud A, et al. Actinomycose pulmonaire: responsabilite d=Actinomyces odontolyticus? Rev Med Interne in·terne n. Variant of intern.  1993;14:179-81.

(20.) Ibanez-Nolla J, Carratala J, Cucurull JJ, Corbella X, Oliveras A, Curull V, et al. Actinomicosis toracica. Enfenn Infecc Microbiol Clin 1993;11:433-6.

(21.) Dontfraid F, Ramphal R. Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates in association with disseminated actinomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19:143-5.

(22.) Mateos-Colino A, Monte-Secades R, Ibanez-Alonso D, Santiago-Toscano J, Rububal-Rey, Solian del Cerro JL. Actinomyces como etiologia de empiema. Arch Bronconeumol 1995;31:293-5.

(23.) Bassiri AG, Girgis RE, Theodore J. Actinomyces odontolyicus thoracopulmonary infections. Two cases in lung and heart-lung recipients and a review of the literature. Chest 1996;109:1109-11.

(24.) Perez-Castrillon JL, Gonzalez-Castaneda C, del Campo-Matias F, Bellido-Casado J, Diaz G. Empyema necessitatis due to Actinomyces odontolyticus. Chest 1997;111:1144.

(25.) Litwin KA, Jadbabaie F, Villanueva M. Case of pleuropericardial disease caused by Actinomyces odontolyticus that resulted in cardiac tamponade Cardiac Tamponade Definition Cardiac tamponade occurs when the heart is squeezed by fluid that collects inside the sac that surrounds it. Description The heart is surrounded by a sac called the pericardium. . Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:219-20.

(26.) Brown JR. Human actinomycosis. A study of 181 subjects. Hum Pathol 1973;4:319-30.

(27.) Mitchell RG, Crow MR. Actinomyces odontolyticus isolated from the female genital tract. J Clin Pathol 1984;37:1379-83.

(28.) Stromberg N, Boren T. Actinomyces tissue specificity may depend on differences in receptor specificity for GalNAcbeta-containing glycoconjugates. Infect Immun 1992;60:3268-77.

Lawrence A. Cone,* ([dagger]) Millie M. Leung, ([dagger]) and Joel Hirschberg * ([dagger])

* Eisenhower Medical Center, Rancho Mirage, California

Rancho Mirage is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The population was 13,249 at the 2000 census, but the seasonal (part-time) population can exceed 20,000.

, USA; and ([dagger]) Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

Dr. Cone is an infectious diseases clinician at the Eisenhower Medical Center, assistant clinical professor of medicine at University of California

The University of California has a combined student body of more than 191,000 students, over 1,340,000 living alumni, and a combined systemwide and campus endowment of just over $7.3 billion (8th largest in the United States).

at Los Angeles, and clinical professor of medicine at University of California, Riverside

The University of California, Riverside, commonly known as UCR or UC Riverside, is a public research university and one of ten campuses of the University of California system.

. His research interests include genetics, immune deficiencies, and sepsis.

Address for correspondence: Lawrence A. Cone, Eisenhower Medical Center, Probst Professional Building, Suite #308, 39000 Bob Hope Drive, Rancho Mirage, CA 92270 USA; fax: 760 773-3976; email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

32. Persistent Wolbachia and Cultivable Bacteria Infection in the Reproductive and Somatic Tissues of the Mosquito Vector Aedes albopictus; Karima Zouache (Université de Lyon, Lyon, France - Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Lyon, France) , Denis Voronin  (Université de Lyon, Lyon, France - Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Lyon, France)  , Van Tran-Van  (Université de Lyon, Lyon, France - Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Lyon, France)  , Laurence Mousson Institut Pasteur, Génétique moléculaire des Bunyavirus, Paris, France
Niyaz Ahmed , Anna-Bella Failloux (Institut Pasteur, Génétique moléculaire des Bunyavirus, Paris, France Niyaz Ahmed) , and Patrick Mavingui  (Université de Lyon, Lyon, France - Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Lyon, France)

33 National Ag Safety Database; Dusts From Decayed Grain, Hay, and Silage  Agriculturally-Related Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, PennState - The National Dairy Database (1992) \NDB\OCCSAFE\TEXT2\OF200500.TXT

34 Biological Safety Principles and Practices; Laboratory, Growth Chamber, and Greenhouse Microbial Safety; Plant Pathogens and Plant-Associated Microorganisms of Significance to Human Health 4th Edition; Anne K. Vadaver, Sue A. Tolin, and Patricia Lambrecht

35Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity; how do pathogenic microorganisms develop cross-kingdom host jumps?, pages 239-277; Peter van Baarlen, Alex van Belgium, Richard C. Summerbell, Pedro W. Crous,     Bart P.H.J. Thomma  Volume 31, Issue 3

36 Department of Health and Human Services: Center for Disease Control and Prevention

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FEATURED VIDEOS, AUDIOS, ARTICLES, EDITORIALS, BLOGS





marti.sandi.cssandra3.16.11show





martiSHOW3.23.2011

****

*IS THE WORLD BEING  LED TO BELIEVE THAT ONLY "NATURAL" (naturally found in the environment)  BACTERIA AND/OR FUNGUS IS ONLY BEING USED IN MICROBIAL PRODUCTS; BIOPESTICIDES, BIOINSECTICIDES, BIOFUNGICIDES ETC. WHICH ARE BEING USED ON OUR FOOD CROPS, ORNAMENTALS AND/OR USED FOR INSECT CONTROL?   THIS IS NOT ALWAYS THE CASE... "MUTANTS" ARE BEING USED THAT THE PUBLIC IS NOT AWARE OF
Are we being led to believe these microbial products are safe??
*It seems that using "mutants" and mutants created using recombinant techniques. (last 2 patents below) doesn’t qualify the claim of "naturally found" bacteria and fungus which are claimed as being the “active ingredient” in microbial biocontrol products.
*When searching the United States Patent Office for the search terms of “Agraquest” and “mutants” the results were twenty (20) United States patents; that were assigned to Agraquest alone and furthermore does not take into account International patents. These patents uses the wording; mutants, mutants thereof and/or recombinant techniques.  There are many MANY more patents that don't list Agraquest as the holder of the patent; but Agraquest's scientists were listed as "inventors" on other company patents. (these are not listed below)
*The reader is invited; NO... encouraged to view the following twenty (20) Agraquest United States patents and decide for themselves whether we can be 100% certain that only “naturally found in the environment” bacteria and/or fungus is being used on our food crops, ornamentals and/or used for insect control.... OR are mutants being used?

READ MORE HERE


AUDIO:   "Falling To Be Held" fallingTObeHELD

Song: "Control" Listen → HERE

Applicable Lyrics:

You Can’t Control Me
You Know Me
I’ve had it up to here with your lies and your ties
~WHAT ABOUT MY LIFE ?~

PRESENTATION - FRAUD IN THE COURT - COMMITTED BY JUDGE SUZANNE F. DUGAN IN CALIFORNIA WORKERS COMPENSATION SYSTEM; by Sandi Trend

VIDEO - INJURED AGRAQUEST BIOTECH WORKER, DAVID BELL TELLS HIS STORY; by Labor Video Project

VIDEO - Workers Comp, The Destruction Of Ca-OSHA/EPA And The Case Of David Bell; by Labor Video Project

VIDEO - Conflict of Interest By Judge Says Sandi Trend, Mother of Injured Agraquest Biotech Worker Bell; by Labor Video Project

VIDEO - INJURED WORKERS AND ADVOCATES DEMAND THAT INSURANCE COMP FRAUD BE PROSECUTED; by Labor Video Project

VIDEO - 12/10/2009; SANDI TREND, MOTHER OF INJURED BIOTECH WORKER DAVID BELL ASKS CALIFORNIA COMMISSION ON HEALTH AND SAFETY & WORKERS COMPENSATION WHAT "GAMING THE SYSTEM IS?"; by Labor Video Project

VIDEO - Injured Worker, DAVID BELL's Mother Charges Fraud On 9/9/2009 At the California Department of Insurance; Fraud Assessment Comission Meeting; by Labor Video Project

VIDEO - JUNE 17, 2009 SANDI TREND SPEAKS OUT ABOUT FRAUD BY DISTRICT ATTORNEYS AT THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE; FRAUD ASSESSMENT COMMISSION; by Labor Video Project

AUDIO - KDRT 95.7 PODCAST of Davis California's Journalist Interview - with David Bell, Doug Haney and Sandi Trend; by Davis, CA Journalist, David Greenwald *Yolo Judicial Watch)

ARTICLE - Biotech Workers Struggle For Safety Measures; by Seth Sandrosky: The Populist

ARTICLE - Biotech canaries - Sickened workers get little relief; by Seth Sandrosky: The Sacramento News & Review

ARTICLE - MARCH-APRIL 2010: COUNCIL FOR RESPONSIBLE GENETICS "GeneWatch MAGAZINE EDITORIAL on David Bell and Agraquest titled; TeaTime In The Lab; by GeneWatch Editor, Sam Anderson

ARTICLE - The Fungus and Bacteria of Deregulation and biotech Worker David Bell; by Steve Zeltzer - LaborNet.org

ARTICLE - Cal-Osha: Going Down The Tubes?; by Larry Rose MD, MPH Cal/OSHA Medical Unit

ARTICLE - The Last Physician/Medical Officer Position is Eliminated at Cal/OSHA; by Larry Rose MD, MPH Cal/OSHA Medical Unit

ARTICLE - Blood, phlegm and tears; by Seth Sandronsky - Sacramento News & Review

ARTICLE - The Criminal Cover-up Of Pam Marrone's Agraquest Operation; www.indybay.org/newsitems Central Valley | Labor & Workers

ARTICLE - Toxic Dump Sites And Agraquest/Pam Marrone Case May Get Light In Davis, California Hearing; by David Greenwald - Central Valley | Environment & Forest Defense | Health, Housing, and Public Services | Labor & Workers

ARTICLE - Local biotech employee says health affected by work.. Officials say no threat to public health; by California Aggie - Oooja Kumar

BLOG - Biotech Worker Safety; by JEEG, The Council for Responsible Genetics - GeneWatch

BLOG - Mother of Injured Biotech Worker Speaks Out On Conflicts Of Interest; by JEEG..."This could prove sufficient evidence to reopen the worker's compensation claim." by Council for Responsible Genetics

BLOG - MAN BECOMES INFECTED WHILE WORKING AT BIOTECH, AGRAQUEST; by WatchDog on Science

BLOG - Did Davis Biotech Firm Expose Davis to Potentially Dangerous Pathogens?; by The People's Vanguard of Davis

BLOG - California Aggie Covers Issue of Agraquest; Yolo County Health Discounts Health Concerns; by The People's Vanguard of Davis

BLOG - The Vanguard's Article on AgraQuest Provokes Strong Response From both County Health Director and Building Owner; by The People's Vanguard of Davis

BLOG - Did Congressman Lungren Ignore Potential National Security Threat Posed By AgraQuest's Imporation of Foreign Soils?; by The People's Vanguard of Davis

 


RedditDel.icio.usGet more widgets at VivoCiti.comDiggGoogleHuggReddot@eShiok!LiveFacebookSlashdotNetscapeTechnoratiStumbleUponSpurlWistsSimpyNewsvineBlinklistFurlFarkBlogmarksYahooSmarkingNetvouzShadowsRawSugarMa.gnoliaPlugIMSquidooco.mmentsBlogMemesFeedMeLinksBlinkBitsTailranklinkaGoGo
Module is designed by http://www.vivociti.com
eXTReMe Tracker

Newsflash

NOT all forms of Histoplasmosis are curable as can be found within the CDC, NIOSH just to name a few.  It has been well documented in numerous scientific publications that the disease Histoplasmosis (caused by Histoplasma Capsulateum) can indeed be and has been fatal to humans.

Histoplasma is NOT only (found) caused by bat guano or bird droppings.  It is well known this fungi is found in soil as well